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The amendment of Article 28 in the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) through Law No. 1 of 2024 is a response to public criticism regarding the misuse of vague legal provisions to suppress freedom of expression. This study aims to examine the extent to which the amendment clarifies the boundary between legitimate expression and the spread of hate speech or hoaxes. The research uses a normative juridical method with statutory, case, and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that while the revised article contains improved legal phrasing, the potential for multiple interpretations remains due to the lack of clear definitions for several key terms. This paper also compares the revised provision with Constitutional Court Decision No. 76/PUU-XV/2017 and the Ministry of Communication and Informatics 2024 Digital Ethics Guidelines as a non-regulatory educational approach. Case studies such as Jerinx SID and Bintang Emons satire demonstrate that legal amendments alone are insufficient without reform in law enforcement practices. Therefore, harmonization between regulation, enforcement, and the protection of human rights is essential to ensure that the amendment delivers not only textual change but also substantive justice.

The revision of Article 28 in Law No.1 of 2024 represents a response to public criticism regarding the ambiguity of previous regulations.While the amendment aims to clarify the boundaries between freedom of expression and the spread of hate speech or hoaxes, the potential for multiple interpretations persists due to the lack of precise definitions for key terms.Ultimately, achieving substantive justice requires not only textual changes to the law but also harmonization between regulation, law enforcement, and the protection of human rights.

Further research should investigate the practical implementation of the revised Article 28 in UU ITE, focusing on how law enforcement agencies interpret and apply the new provisions in real-world cases. Additionally, a comparative study could be conducted with other countries that have successfully addressed the issue of online hate speech and hoaxes, identifying best practices and lessons learned that could be adapted to the Indonesian context. Finally, research is needed to assess the effectiveness of non-regulatory approaches, such as digital literacy programs and ethical guidelines, in fostering a more responsible and informed online environment, and to determine how these approaches can be integrated with legal frameworks to create a comprehensive strategy for combating online harms. These studies should involve qualitative data collection through interviews with law enforcement officials, legal experts, and members of the public, as well as quantitative analysis of case law and online content to provide a nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities in regulating online speech.

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