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Indonesian Journal of Chemical EngineeringIndonesian Journal of Chemical EngineeringSqualene, a natural isoprenoid, plays a critical role in sterol biosynthesis and exhibits various health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. Found in sources such as shark liver oil, amaranth, olive oil, and microbial species, its demand has surged across pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. However, traditional extraction methods, predominantly from shark liver, raise sustainability concerns. This study explores alternative sources and production strategies, focusing on plant-based and microbial synthesis of squalene. Amaranth seeds and olive oil were highlighted as promising renewable sources due to their high squalene content. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have enabled microbial platforms, such as genetically modified yeasts and microalgae, to produce pharmaceutical-grade squalene sustainably. Moreover, the development of innovative extraction techniques, such as supercritical COâ‚‚ extraction, enhances yield and purity while minimizing environmental impact. The research further emphasizes squalenes potential as a precursor for cholesterol, hormones, and vitamins, alongside its role in improving human health through applications in vaccines, cardiovascular protection, and cancer prevention. Future work should prioritize optimizing extraction methods, exploring untapped natural sources, and scaling microbial production to address the growing global demand sustainably.
Squalene is a bioactive compound with significant applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive properties.Extraction from vegetable sources and microorganisms offers a more sustainable alternative to shark liver oil.Further research is needed to develop efficient, environmentally friendly, and economical squalene production methods to meet growing global demand.
Future research should investigate the potential of utilizing genetic engineering techniques to enhance squalene production in microalgae and yeast strains, focusing on optimizing metabolic pathways and improving strain robustness. Additionally, exploring novel extraction methods, such as enzyme-assisted extraction or ultrasound-assisted extraction, could lead to more efficient and environmentally friendly squalene recovery from plant sources like amaranth and olive oil. Finally, studies should be conducted to assess the bioavailability and efficacy of squalene derived from different natural sources in human clinical trials, particularly focusing on its potential role in preventing chronic diseases and enhancing vaccine effectiveness, to fully unlock its health benefits and establish optimal dosage recommendations.
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