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Dualism in education is an interesting topic to discuss. Two entities separated as a result of this educational dualism are not easy to be united. However, this situation has happened, and what we have to do is finding the solution to anticipate the effects of the dualism. This article uses the SLR method, which aims to summarize researches that have been done on history, effects, and solution of dualism of education in Indonesia. In this Systematic Literature Review (SLR) we collect, synthesize, and analyze research articles on Dualism of Education in Indonesia published between 2013 and 2023. The result of the research is that dualism of education in Indonesia is caused by several respects. First, this dualism is started from the policy of the Dutch Colonial Government in the pre-independence era. Second, the dualism is inherited and rooted up to now. Third, there is a political factor in the Indonesian government. Fourth, government policies that are considered weakening and alienating madrasah education (Islam), in Islamic education. Fifth, the narrowness of scientific studies in Islamic education. Whereas the impacts of this dualism are that there is a dichotomy in knowledge, the cost of education is unaffordable for the lower middle class, curriculum development is increasing but religious, cultural and social values are experiencing a decline, and the world of education is becoming a political playing ground. To reduce the impact of the educational dualism above, several solutions are offered: one, eliminating scientific dichotomies; two, awakening the Islamic scientific ethos and scientific integration; three, changes in government policy.

The dualism of education in Indonesia is caused by several respects, starting from the policies of the Dutch Colonial government in the pre-independence period, the legacy of Dutch government policies after Independence which are rooted to this day, the existence of political factors in government in Indonesia, Government policies which are considered to weaken and alienate madrasa education, and the narrowness of scientific studies in Islamic education.The impacts of educational dualism in Indonesia include the dichotomy of knowledge, the unaffordable cost of education for the lower middle class, increasing curriculum development, but religious, cultural, and social values experiencing a decline, and education becoming a political playing field.To anticipate the impact of the educational dualism above, there are several solutions offered.integration of knowledge and repositioning to revive the Islamic scientific ethos, and changes in government policy.It is hoped that some of the history of dualism that has been explained will provide material for reflection so that we can study the impacts arising from the causes of this educational dualism.Furthermore, the solutions summarized and offered can have implications as a reference for eliminating the impact of dualism and advancing education in Indonesia.

Based on the findings of this research, several suggestions for further research can be proposed. Firstly, it is important to delve deeper into the historical context of educational dualism in Indonesia, particularly the role of the Dutch colonial government and its impact on the current educational system. Secondly, exploring the relationship between educational dualism and the political landscape in Indonesia could provide valuable insights into the dynamics of power and influence in the countrys education sector. Thirdly, further investigation into the impact of educational dualism on the cost of education and its accessibility for lower-middle-class families is crucial to understanding the social and economic implications of this issue. Additionally, examining the role of Islamic education and its relationship with scientific studies can offer a unique perspective on the integration of knowledge systems in Indonesia. Finally, exploring the potential for policy changes and their impact on reducing the effects of educational dualism is essential for developing effective strategies to address this complex issue. By combining these suggestions, future research can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of educational dualism in Indonesia and propose innovative solutions to promote a unified and inclusive education system.

  1. Dualisms in Higher Education: a Critique of Their Influence and Effect - Macfarlane - 2015 - Higher Education... onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hequ.12046Dualisms in Higher Education a Critique of Their Influence and Effect Macfarlane 2015 Higher Education onlinelibrary wiley doi 10 1111 hequ 12046
  2. Menuju Kebijakan Pendidikan Satu Atap: Kritik atas Dualisme dan Dikotomi Pendidikan di Indonesia | Intelektual:... ejournal.uit-lirboyo.ac.id/index.php/intelektual/article/view/3523Menuju Kebijakan Pendidikan Satu Atap Kritik atas Dualisme dan Dikotomi Pendidikan di Indonesia Intelektual ejournal uit lirboyo ac index php intelektual article view 3523
  3. Citizenship in public, non-religious private and religious private schools. A comparison of student citizenship... tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00131911.2023.2203393Citizenship in public non religious private and religious private schools A comparison of student citizenship tandfonline doi full 10 1080 00131911 2023 2203393
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