UNESAUNESA

Lex Favor ReoLex Favor Reo

This study aims to examine the legal considerations of the Supreme Court in Decision Number 1412 K/Pid/2023 regarding the qualification of handing over checks without funds in contractual transactions as a criminal act of fraud based on Article 378 of the Criminal Code, not solely civil default. The analysis is based on the doctrine of criminal law regarding mens rea, the distinction between fraud and default, the theory of criminal responsibility, and the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court regarding the use of blank checks as an instrument of fraud. This study uses a normative juridical method with a case, legislative, and conceptual approach, supported by primary, secondary, and relevant jurisprudence sources. The findings show that the Supreme Court affirmed the existence of an element of fraud through the active act of handing over checks without sufficient balance support, which created pseudo-trust and caused real losses. The element of malicious intent and a series of lies are the main distinguishing factors so that this case is considered to exceed the limit of civil default. This ruling clarifies the demarcation between the civil and criminal realms, prevents excessive criminalization, while providing legal protection for victims of contractual manipulation. This research contributes through doctrinal and jurisprudential interpretations that strengthen the parameters of the analysis of fraud and default differentiation in Indonesian criminal law.

The Supreme Court Decision Number 1412 K/Pid/2023 clarifies the boundary between civil default and criminal fraud.The Court affirmed that a contractual relationship does not automatically preclude criminal liability if malicious intent and fraudulent acts are present.The handing over of checks without sufficient funds, coupled with a lack of remediation, constitutes a fraudulent act.This decision emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between mere failure to fulfill obligations and deliberate deception, thereby balancing legal certainty, justice, and protection against abuse of criminal law.

Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk mengkaji lebih dalam mengenai aspek niat jahat (mens rea) pada saat penyerahan cek kosong, misalnya dengan menganalisis mutasi rekening atau pola transaksi keuangan terdakwa sebagai indikator kesadaran pribadi. Selain itu, studi komparatif dapat dilakukan dengan menganalisis putusan pengadilan lain yang serupa untuk mengidentifikasi praktik terbaik dalam membedakan antara wanprestasi dan penipuan. Terakhir, penelitian mengenai efektivitas mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa alternatif dalam kasus-kasus yang melibatkan cek kosong perlu dilakukan untuk memberikan solusi yang lebih efisien dan adil bagi para pihak yang terlibat, sehingga dapat mengurangi beban pengadilan dan mencegah kriminalisasi yang tidak perlu. Penelitian-penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memperkuat landasan hukum dan memberikan panduan yang lebih jelas bagi penegak hukum dalam menangani kasus-kasus serupa di masa depan, serta meningkatkan perlindungan hukum bagi masyarakat dalam transaksi bisnis.

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