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This study investigates the socioeconomic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions in Bali using nighttime light remote sensing as a proxy for socioeconomic activity. The monthly NTL data from the Suomi-NPP VIIRS instrument, spanning from 2014 to 2021, are analyzed. This study focuses on changes in NTL trends before and after the restrictions, specifically the Large-Scale Social Restriction and Welfare Activity Restriction programs. To ensure that the NTL used in this study accurately measures human activity, we integrate the data with built-up area maps from the Global Human Settlement Layer. An ARIMA intervention model is employed to assess the impact of the restrictions on NTL, revealing a significant decrease in certain regions. Furthermore, we find a moderate correlation between NTL and Balis quarterly GDP data. This study also highlights the potential of NTL remote sensing as a near-real-time proxy for socioeconomic change, allowing for the early evaluation of policy effectiveness.

The study demonstrates the utility of nighttime light (NTL) remote sensing as an alternative data source for assessing socioeconomic disruptions like those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.NTL data can serve as a near real-time proxy for monitoring policy impacts and complementing official statistics.The analysis revealed a significant decrease in NTL in Bali following the implementation of COVID-19 restrictions, particularly in areas heavily reliant on tourism.Further research is needed to refine data quality and explore the integration of NTL data with traditional statistical methods for more comprehensive socioeconomic assessments.

Future research should focus on improving the quality of NTL data by addressing issues related to cloud cover and atmospheric conditions, potentially through advanced image processing techniques or integration with other remote sensing data sources. Investigating the relationship between NTL and specific economic sectors in Bali, such as tourism, agriculture, and small businesses, could provide a more nuanced understanding of the pandemics impact and inform targeted policy interventions. Furthermore, exploring the potential of combining NTL data with high-resolution spatial data, such as mobile phone data or social media activity, could offer a more granular and real-time assessment of socioeconomic changes, enabling more responsive and effective policy-making during future crises. These investigations should also consider the long-term effects of the restrictions on Balis economic recovery and the potential for building a more resilient and sustainable tourism sector.

  1. The VIIRS Cloud Mask: Progress in the first year of S‐NPP toward a common cloud detection scheme... agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013JD020458The VIIRS Cloud Mask Progress in the first year of SyAAAaNPP toward a common cloud detection scheme agupubs onlinelibrary wiley doi 10 1002 2013JD020458
  2. Socioeconomic impact of COVID-19 restrictions in Bali: A nighttime light analysis | Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia.... doi.org/10.52813/jei.v14i1.220Socioeconomic impact of COVID 19 restrictions in Bali A nighttime light analysis Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia doi 10 52813 jei v14i1 220
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