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Activated carbon derived from Kalakai (Stenochlaena palustris) was synthesized using nitric acid (HNO₃) as an activating agent at varying concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 M) to investigate the potential of wetland plant-derived materials for supercapacitor electrodes. The synthesis involved a combined thermal and chemical activation process: first, chemical activation was carried out using a reflux system, followed by thermal activation at 600°C for 1 h under a nitrogen (N₂) atmosphere. The influence of HNO₃ concentration on the electrochemical performance of the resulting activated carbon was systematically evaluated. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the sample activated with 2 M HNO₃ (denoted as Ac-HNO₃/2) exhibited the most favorable supercapacitor performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 12.96 F g⁻¹ and an internal resistance (Rₑₜ) of 14.44 Ω. These findings demonstrate that Kalakai-derived activated carbon holds significant promise as an electrode material for energy storage applications.

The effect of activating agent concentrations on physico-chemical and electrochemical properties of Kalakai-based activated carbon was comparatively evaluated.Results pointed out that the amount of chemical reagent (HNO3) used at the impregnation step markedly influenced the main characteristic of the activated carbon.The utilization of HNO3 as activating agent could generate and enhance the oxygen-containing functionalities on surface of Kalakai particles which gives positive impact on electrochemical properties.The best performance as electrode for supercapacitor was exhibited by carbon material which was modified by HNO3 2M (Ac-HNO₃/2).The Ac-HNO₃/2 sample yielded a specific capacitance of 12.9 F g⁻¹ and a relatively low charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 14.These results position Kalakai-derived activated carbon as a viable electrode material for supercapacitor applications.

Berdasarkan penelitian ini, terdapat beberapa arah penelitian lanjutan yang menjanjikan. Pertama, optimasi parameter proses aktivasi, seperti rasio Kalakai terhadap HNO₃, suhu, dan waktu aktivasi, dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan karakteristik pori dan luas permukaan karbon aktif, sehingga meningkatkan kinerja superkapasitor. Kedua, eksplorasi elektrolit yang berbeda, termasuk elektrolit padat atau elektrolit berbasis ion cair, dapat meningkatkan jendela potensial dan stabilitas siklus superkapasitor berbasis karbon aktif Kalakai. Ketiga, modifikasi permukaan karbon aktif dengan heteroatom seperti nitrogen atau sulfur dapat meningkatkan kapasitas dan konduktivitas material, sehingga meningkatkan kinerja superkapasitor secara keseluruhan. Kombinasi dari ketiga saran ini diharapkan dapat menghasilkan material superkapasitor yang lebih efisien, stabil, dan berkelanjutan, membuka jalan bagi aplikasi energi yang lebih luas.

  1. Crafting the architecture of biomass-derived activated carbon via electrochemical insights for supercapacitors:... pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/ra/d4ra07682fCrafting the architecture of biomass derived activated carbon via electrochemical insights for supercapacitors pubs rsc en content articlelanding 2025 ra d4ra07682f
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