EJGTAEJGTA

Electronic Journal of Graph Theory and Applications (EJGTA)Electronic Journal of Graph Theory and Applications (EJGTA)

A function f is defined as an even harmonious labeling on a graph G with q edges if f : V (G) → {0, 1, . . , 2q} is an injection and the induced function f ∗ : E(G) → {0, 2, . . , 2(q − 1)} defined by f ∗(uv) = f (u) f (v) (mod 2q) is bijective. A properly even harmonious labeling is an even harmonious labeling in which the codomain of f is {0, 1, . . , 2q − 1}, and a strongly harmonious labeling is an even harmonious labeling that also satisfies the additional condition that for any two adjacent vertices with labels u and v, 0 < u v ≤ 2q. In this paper, we begin with the related question “When is the graph of k n-star components, G = kSn, properly even harmonious? We conclude that kSn is properly even harmonious if and only if k is even or k is odd, k > 1, and n ≥ 2. We also conclude that Sn1 ∪ Sn2 ∪ · · · ∪ Snk is properly even harmonious when k ≥ 2, ni ≥ 2 for all i and give some additional results on combinations of star and banana graphs.

The paper successfully determines the conditions for when a graph of k n-star components, kSn, is properly even harmonious, concluding that it holds true if k is even or if k is odd, greater than 1, and n is at least 2.Furthermore, the study establishes that the union of star graphs Sn1 ∪ Sn2 ∪ · · · ∪ Snk is properly even harmonious when k is greater than or equal to 2 and each ni is greater than or equal to 2.Finally, the research extends to combinations of star and banana graphs, providing additional results and labelings for these structures.

Penelitian lebih lanjut dapat dilakukan untuk menyelidiki sifat-sifat harmonious labeling pada graf yang lebih kompleks, seperti graf siklus atau graf lengkap, dengan tujuan menemukan pola atau batasan baru yang mengatur keberadaan label yang harmonis. Selain itu, eksplorasi variasi dari harmonious labeling, seperti label yang mempertimbangkan jarak antar simpul atau properti struktural lainnya, dapat menghasilkan wawasan baru tentang bagaimana informasi dapat dikodekan dan dianalisis dalam jaringan graf. Terakhir, studi komputasi yang lebih mendalam dapat dilakukan untuk menguji efisiensi algoritma pencarian label harmonious pada graf berskala besar dan untuk mengidentifikasi aplikasi praktis dari konsep ini dalam bidang seperti kriptografi atau pengkodean informasi.

  1. Properly even harmonious labeling of a union of stars | Henderson | Electronic Journal of Graph Theory... ejgta.org/index.php/ejgta/article/view/1375Properly even harmonious labeling of a union of stars Henderson Electronic Journal of Graph Theory ejgta index php ejgta article view 1375
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