UIGMUIGM

BIO PALEMBANICABIO PALEMBANICA

Indonesia hosts a remarkable diversity of freshwater fishes, including numerous endemic wild Betta Betta spp. (Anabantiformes: Osphronemidae). However, the rise of e-commerce has facilitated unregulated online trade of wild Betta species. This study investigates the diversity, conservation status, and trade dynamics of wild Betta species between 1–21 October 2025, in Indonesias three largest online marketplaces: Shopee, Tokopedia, and Lazada. A total of 38 wild Betta species were identified, including five Critically Endangered, eleven Endangered, and seven Vulnerable taxa. The trade was dominated by species from Sumatra and Kalimantan, which together accounted for over 85% of endemic taxa. Market analysis revealed a positive correlation between rarity and price, with Endangered and Not Assessed species commanding the highest average prices. The presence of Critically Endangered species such as Betta chloropharynx and B. hendra indicates ongoing extraction from the wild despite conservation risks. Furthermore, nearly 26% of traded species remain Data Deficient or Not Assessed, reflecting critical knowledge gaps that hinder management and policy enforcement. The findings underscore the urgent need for stronger regulation of digital wildlife trade, improved conservation assessments, and promotion of captive breeding programs to reduce wild collection pressure.

The study reveals a concerning trend of online trade impacting threatened Betta species, with a significant proportion of traded species classified as Endangered.The presence of Critically Endangered species in the market indicates ongoing exploitation despite conservation risks, and a substantial number of species lack sufficient conservation assessment.These findings highlight the urgent need for stronger regulation of digital wildlife trade, improved conservation assessments, and promotion of captive breeding programs to mitigate the threats to wild Betta populations.

Further research should investigate the motivations of consumers purchasing wild Betta online, exploring factors like aesthetic preferences and perceived rarity, to inform targeted conservation campaigns. Additionally, a comprehensive genetic analysis of wild-caught and captive-bred Betta populations is needed to assess the impact of trade on genetic diversity and identify potential risks of inbreeding depression. Finally, studies should focus on developing and implementing effective traceability systems for Betta species traded online, utilizing technologies like DNA barcoding or blockchain to verify the origin and legality of specimens, thereby enhancing transparency and accountability within the ornamental fish trade. These investigations, combined with strengthened law enforcement and community engagement, are crucial for ensuring the long-term sustainability of wild Betta populations in Indonesia and preventing further biodiversity loss.

  1. The Society for Conservation Biology. society conservation biology skip article content information journals... doi.org/10.1111/conl.12985The Society for Conservation Biology society conservation biology skip article content information journals doi 10 1111 conl 12985
  2. Measuring the impact of the pet trade on Indonesian birds. measuring impact pet trade indonesian birds conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12729Measuring the impact of the pet trade on Indonesian birds measuring impact pet trade indonesian birds conbio onlinelibrary wiley doi 10 1111 cobi 12729
  3. Development Strategy of Betta Fish (Betta sp.) Business in Manado City, North Sulawesi-Indonesia | Formosa... journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjsr/article/view/8933Development Strategy of Betta Fish Betta sp Business in Manado City North Sulawesi Indonesia Formosa journal formosapublisher index php fjsr article view 8933
  4. Highlighting the species diversity, pricing trends, and conservation concerns in a major ornamental fish... doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.20.639396Highlighting the species diversity pricing trends and conservation concerns in a major ornamental fish doi 10 1101 2025 02 20 639396
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