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This study demonstrates that rising surface temperatures significantly reduce gig rider productivity in Greater Jakarta, primarily by decreasing their weekly working hours and monthly income. Using spatial panel analysis with socioeconomic and environmental data from 2021 to 2024, we find that heat impacts are most severe in densely built, low-vegetation areas, while green spaces offer mitigation. Vegetation buffers the negative effects of heat, whereas higher night-time economic intensity exacerbates them. Metropolitan-scale analysis reveals that increases in temperature in one area also depress productivity in neighboring areas, highlighting interconnected climate risks. Further, gig riders are especially vulnerable compared to non-gig informal workers due to their mobility, exposure, and limited protections. These findings directly support policy priorities on human capital, economic transformation, and climate adaptation, emphasizing the urgent need for urban heat-safety standards, cooling infrastructure, and adaptive social protection for gig workers.

The study confirms that extreme heat negatively impacts gig rider productivity in Greater Jakarta, primarily through reduced working hours.Vegetation acts as a buffer against heat-induced productivity loss, while high economic intensity exacerbates the problem.Gig riders are more vulnerable to heat stress than non-gig informal workers due to their work conditions and limited protections.These findings underscore the need for integrated, metropolitan-scale climate adaptation strategies to protect the gig workforce and ensure sustainable economic development.

Further research should investigate the effectiveness of different cooling interventions, such as portable cooling devices or shaded rest areas, in mitigating heat stress among gig riders. A detailed cost-benefit analysis is needed to evaluate the economic feasibility of implementing large-scale green infrastructure projects, like urban forests and green corridors, specifically designed to cool down high-traffic routes for gig workers. Future studies could explore the role of digital platforms in promoting heat safety among their riders, including the development of real-time heat alerts, flexible scheduling options, and financial incentives for working during cooler hours. Investigating the intersection of heat vulnerability with other socioeconomic factors, such as income level and access to healthcare, could reveal disparities within the gig workforce and inform targeted interventions. Finally, longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term health impacts of heat exposure on gig riders and to evaluate the effectiveness of implemented adaptation measures over time, ensuring a sustainable and equitable response to the challenges of climate change in the digital economy.

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